{"id":10872,"date":"2022-12-15T19:46:06","date_gmt":"2022-12-15T18:46:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fei-online.com\/?p=10872"},"modified":"2022-12-15T19:46:06","modified_gmt":"2022-12-15T18:46:06","slug":"the-environmental-footprint-of-food","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fei-online.com\/the-environmental-footprint-of-food\/","title":{"rendered":"The environmental footprint of food"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The environmental footprint of food<\/h1>\/ in Featured Articles<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/header>\n<\/div><\/section>
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Researchers map the environmental pressures of global production for all foods across aquatic and terrestrial systems<\/h3>\n

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In an age of industrialized farming and complex supply chains, the true environmental pressures of our global food system are often obscure and difficult to assess.<\/p>\n

\u201cEveryone eats food, and more and more people are paying attention to the planetary consequences of what they eat,\u201d said Ben Halpern, UC Santa Barbara marine ecologist. Figuring out this impact to the planet proves to be a gargantuan task for many reasons, including the fact that around the world there are a lot of different foods produced in many different ways, with many different environmental pressures.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>
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92% of environmental pressures from land-based food production are concentrated on just 10% of the Earth\u2019s surface.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>
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By ranking foods on factors such as greenhouse gas emissions or water pollution, scientists have made useful headway on assessments of the environmental impacts of food by pound or kilogram. While these evaluations are helpful in guiding consumer choices, Halpern explained that a more comprehensive examination of the environmental footprint \u2013 the locations affected by the various pressures from food production and the severity of that pressure \u2013 is needed for decisions that have to be made in a world with a booming population.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe individual choice of eight billion people adds up,\u201d he said, \u201cand we need to know the overall impact of total food production \u2013 not just per pound \u2013 especially when setting food policy.\u201d<\/p>\n

To fill that need, Halpern and colleagues at UC Santa Barbara\u2019s National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis (NCEAS) have mapped for the first time the environmental footprint of the production of all foods, both in the ocean and on land. Their research is published in the journal Nature Sustainability [1].<\/p>\n

Lopsided pressures and hidden connections<\/h4>\n

\u201cDid you know that almost half of all environmental pressures from food production come from just five countries?\u201d Halpern said.<\/p>\n

For Halpern, executive director at NCEAS and a professor at UCSB\u2019s Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, understanding the impacts of food production along with the local context of these impacts has been a longstanding interest. By taking detailed data about greenhouse gas emissions, freshwater use, habitat disturbance and nutrient pollution (e.g., fertilizer runoff) generated by 99% of total reported production of aquatic and terrestrial foods in 2017, and mapping those impacts at high resolution, the researchers were able to create a more nuanced picture of the pressures \u2013 the inputs, processes and outputs \u2013 of global food production.<\/p>\n

Eye-opening findings<\/h4>\n

The findings of the report are startling.<\/p>\n

\u201cCumulative pressures of food production are more concentrated than previously believed, with the vast majority \u2013 92% of pressures from land-based food production \u2013 concentrated on just 10% of the Earth\u2019s surface,\u201d noted Melanie Frazier, a research scientist at NCEAS and coauthor of the paper. Additionally, the space required for dairy and beef farming accounts for about a quarter of the cumulative footprint of all food production. And those five countries accounting for almost half of all food production-related environmental pressures? India, China, the United States, Brazil and Pakistan.<\/p>\n

Environmental efficiency of food types<\/h4>\n

The study also examines the environmental efficiency of each food type, similar to the per-pound of food approach that most other studies use, but now accounting for differences among countries rather than just assuming it is the same everywhere.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe environmental efficiency of producing a particular food type varies spatially, such that rankings of foods by efficiency differ sharply among countries, and this matters for guiding which foods we eat and from where,\u201d said Halley Froehlich, assistant professor in environ-
\nmental studies at UCSB and a coauthor of the study.<\/p>\n

Methods of production factor into the research team\u2019s assessment. For instance, thanks to technology that reduces greenhouse gases and increases yields, the United States \u2013 the world\u2019s number one producer of soy \u2013 is more than twice as efficient as India (the fifth largest producer) at producing the crop, making American soy the more environmentally friendly choice.<\/p>\n

Connections between land and sea<\/h4>\n

The research also uncovers connections between land and sea that get missed when looking only at one or the other, and that result in significant environmental pressures. Pigs and chicken have an ocean footprint because marine forage fish such as herrings, anchovies and sardines are used for their feed. The converse is true for mariculture farms, whose crop-based feeds extend the fish farms\u2019 environmental pressure on to land.<\/p>\n

Assessing cumulative pressures can bring to light results that could not have been predicted by examining individual pressures alone. For instance, while raising cattle requires by far the most grazing land, the cumulative pressures of pig farming, which produces a lot of pollution and uses more water than cattle farming, are slightly greater than that of cows. Measured by cumulative pressures, the top five offenders are pig, cow, rice, wheat and oil crops.<\/p>\n

In order to feed a growing and increasingly wealthy global population while reducing environmental degradation and enhancing food security, major shifts will need to be made to current food systems, according to the researchers. In some cases, farming might need to improve efficiency; in other cases, consumers might need to change their food choices.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe need this comprehensive information to make more accurate decisions about what we eat,\u201d said Halpern, who modified his own food choices based on the results of this study.<\/p>\n

\u201cI became a pescatarian years ago because of wanting to reduce the environmental footprint of what I eat,\u201d he said. \u201cBut then I thought, I\u2019m a scientist, I should really use science to inform my decisions about what I eat. That\u2019s actually why I started this research project. And now that we have the results, I see that from an environmental perspective, chicken is actually better than some seafood. And so I\u2019ve shifted my diet to start including chicken again, while eliminating some high-pressure seafoods like bottom-trawl caught cod and haddock. I am actually eating my words.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>
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Reference<\/strong><\/em>
\n1. Halpern, B.S., Frazier, M., Verstaen, J. et al. The environmental footprint of global food production. Nature Sustainability,\u00a0 <\/em>24 October 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41893-022-00965-x<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>
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Ben Halpern,
\nUC Santa Barbara
\nmarine ecologist<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>
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